Avaliação do desempenho de oleogéis estruturados com ceras vegetais como base lipídica reduzida em ácidos graxos saturados aplicados em cream cheeses / Performance evaluation of structured oleogels with vegetable waxes as a reduced lipid base in saturated fatty acids applied in cream cheeses

Diante das exigências crescentes das agências regulatórias do mundo todo quanto à redução/eliminação de ácidos graxos trans nos alimentos industrializados, bem como da conscientização do consumidor sobre a relação entre alimentação e saúde, o desenvolvimento de alternativas mais saudáveis aos óleos parcialmente hidrogenados e a outras fontes lipídicas com alto grau de saturaçã o se faz necessário. O oleogel, um sistema composto por um óleo preso em uma rede tridimensional formada por um agente estruturante, se apresenta como uma solução promissora. Dentre os diversos agentes estruturantes, as ceras vegetais se destacam por sua excelente capacidade de gelificação de óleos. Contudo, apresentam uma desvantagem sob o aspecto sensorial, pois podem conferir cerosidade e sabor residual desagradável aos alimentos. Com o objetivo de viabilizar o uso das ceras como agentes estruturantes em oleogéis face ao seu excelente desempenho tecnológico, este projeto propõe o estudo e a aplicação de oleogéis à base de óleo de soja (SBO) estruturado com ceras de farelo de arroz (RBW) a 2 e 4 % (m/m) ou carnaúba (CBW) a 3 e 6% (m/m), isoladamente. As matérias-primas foram caracterizadas e o comportamento de gelificação de cada cera foi avaliado por análises de textura por penetração de cone, estabilidade à perda de óleo por centrifugação, energia coesiva por parâmetro de solubilidade de Hansen (HSP) e comportamento de cristalização e fusão por calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC). Os resultados mostraram que ambas as ceras são capazes de formar oleogéis estruturalmente estáveis, contudo, o oleogel com 2% de RBW apresentou maior firmeza a 20 °C (190,4 gf/cm2) do que o oleogel com 6% de CBW a 5 °C (186,1 gf/cm2). Ao final de 5 dias, a capacidade de retenção de óleo do oleogel preparado com RBW foi de 100% às concentrações de 2 e 4% (m/m), contra 61 e 99,3% do oleogel elaborado com CBW às concentrações de 3 e 6% (m/m), respectivamente. Esses resultados podem ser explicados pela diferença entre as energias coesivas, ou seja, do grau de interação molecular entre o solvente e o soluto de cada oleogel. De acordo com os resultados de distância, que prevê se o gel formado será forte, fraco ou se não haverá formação de gel, o soluto CBW apresentou menor interação com o óleo (3,3 MPa1/2) do que o soluto RBW (3,7 MPa1/2). Os oleogéis foram aplicados como ingredientes em diferentes formulações de cream cheese, que foram analisados quanto a diferentes parâmetros de textura e esses resultados foram comparados a uma referência comercial. Nenhuma das amostras produzidas obteve resultados de textura estatisticamente iguais aos do cream cheese comercial (CC), o que pode ser explicado pelas diferenças de formulação e processamento dos produtos. Face aos resultados para textura e estabilidade à perda de óleo dos oleogéis de RBW, este agente estruturante apresenta ria maior potencial de aplicação, porém o oleogel CBW6 obteve alta capacidade de retenção de óleo (99,3%) e quando aplicado na formulação de cream cheese (CCBW6) apresentou resultados de firmeza e espalhabilidade mais próximos da amostra de referência, feita com gordura do leite (CMF)

Given the growing demands of regulatory agencies around the world regarding the reduction/elimination of trans fatty acids in processed foods, as well as consumer awareness about the relationship between food and health, the development of healthier alternatives to partially hydrogenated oils and others lipid sources with a high degree of saturation are necessary. Oleogel, a system composed of an oil trapped in a three-dimensional network formed by a structuring agent, presents itself as a promising solution. Among the various structuring agents, vegetable waxes stand out for their excellent oil gelling capacity. However, they have a sensory disadvantage, as they can give waxy and unpleasant aftertaste to foods. Aiming at enabling the use of waxes as structuring agents in oleogels in view of their excellent technological performance, this study proposes the evaluation and application of oleogels based on soybean oil (SBO) structured with rice bran wax (RBW) at 2 and 4% (m/m) or carnauba (CBW) at 3 and 6% (m/m). The raw materials were characterized and the gelling behavior of each wax was evaluated by analysis of texture by cone penetration, stability to oil loss by centrifugation, cohesive energy by Hansen solubility parameter (HSP) and crystallization and melting behavior. by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that both waxes are able to form structurally stable oleogels, however, oleogel with 2% RBW showed greater firmness at 20 °C (190.4 gf/cm2) than oleogel with 6% CBW at 5° C (186.1 gf/cm2). At the end of 5 days, the oil retention capacity of oleogel prepared with RBW was 100% at concentrations of 2 and 4% (m/m), against 61 and 99.3% of oleogel prepared with CBW at concentrations of 3 and 6% (m/m), respectively. These results can be explained by the difference between the cohesive energies, that is, the degree of molecular interaction between the solvent and the solute of each oleogel. According to the distance results, which predicts if the formed gel will be strong, weak or if there will be no gel formation, the CBW solute showed less interaction with the oil (3.3 MPa1/2) than the RBW solute (3 ,7 MPa1/2). Oleogels were applied as ingredients in different cream cheese formulations, which were analyzed for different texture parameters and these results were compared to a commercial reference. None of the samples produced had texture results statistically equal to those of commercial cream cheese (CC), which can be explained by the differences in formulation and processing of the products. Given the results for texture and oil binding capacity of RBW oleogels, this structuring agent would present greater application potential, but CBW6 oleogel obtained high oil biding capacity (99.3%) and when applied in cream cheese formulation (CCBW6) showed firmness and spreadability results closer to the reference sample, made with milk fat (CMF)

Biosurfactant and bioemulsifier as promising molecules produced by Mucor hiemalis isolated from Caatinga soil

BACKGROUND: The present study describes the production of biosurfactant (BS) and emulsifier (BE) by the filamentous fungus Mucor hiemalis UCP 0039, as well as the characterization and stability of the both biomolecules for environmental or industrial applications. RESULTS: Biosurfactants and bioemulsifiers are amphiphilic compounds and are produced as extracellular molecules. The results showed that bioproduct obtained by shaker condition reduced the water surface tension of 72 to 32 mN/m and reached an emulsification index of 96%, while the static cultivation resulted in a biomolecule with a surface tension of 40 mN/m and an emulsification index of 96%, suggesting the production of a biosurfactant and bioemulsifier, respectively. The compounds showed glycolipid nature but the biosurfactant presented cationic charge, while the bioemulsifier, anionic charge. Thus, the results confirmed that M. hiemalis produced two distinct biomolecules under different parameters and in the same culture medium. CONCLUSIONS: It is the first time that biosurfactant and emulsifier production has been described in the same medium and under different physical conditions by Mucor hiemalis. Both biomolecules showed thermal stability, as well as have significant effect on the viscosity of hydrophobic compounds, indicating the excellent potential for environmental safety or industrial applications to improve the efficiency of sustainable and economic technologies.

Evaluation of methodologies of urine collection to estimate microbial synthesis in bovines diets containing lipids or not / Avaliação de metodologias de coleta de urina para estimar a síntese microbiana em dietas de bovinos contendo ou não lipídios

This study investigated the effectiveness of the urine sample collection method in predicting the volume urinary and synthesis of microbial nitrogen. Eight fistulated steers were used with accessible rumens and kept in individual stalls. Their diets consisted of corn silage; corn silage + concentrate; corn silage + concentrate with addition of lipids in the form of soybean oil; and corn silage + concentrate with addition of lipids in the form of soybean grains. Estimates of microbial protein synthesis were obtained based on the urinary excretion of purine derivatives. There was no effect of diets on daily creatinine excretion (P>0.05). There were differences (P<0.05) between the urinary volume and microbial synthesis values determined by the total urine collection and those estimated from the urine spot samples and equations proposed by different authors. The estimation of microbial synthesis based on the urine excretion of purine derivatives should be performed from the total collection of the urine for a period of 24 hours.

Este estudo investigou a eficácia do método de coleta de amostras de urina sobre a predição do volume urinário e síntese de nitrogênio microbiano. Oito novilhos fistulados foram utilizados com rúmen acessível e mantidos em baias individuais. Suas dietas consistiram de silagem de milho; silagem de milho + concentrado; silagem de milho + concentrado com adição de lipídios na forma de óleo de soja; e silagem de milho + concentrado com adição de lipídios na forma de grãos de soja. Estimativas de síntese de proteína microbiana foram obtidas com base na excreção urinária de derivados de purina. Não houve efeito de dietas na excreção diária de creatinina (P> 0,05). Houve diferenças (P <0,05) entre o volume urinário e os valores de síntese microbiana determinados pela coleta total de urina e os estimados a partir das amostras de manchas de urina e equações propostas por diferentes autores. A estimativa da síntese microbiana baseada na excreção de urina dos derivados de purina deve ser realizada a partir da coleta total da urina por um período de 24 horas.

Intake, nitrogen balance and microbial protein synthesis of steers fed with or without lipid addition / Consumo, balanço de nitrogênio e síntese de proteína microbiana de novilhos alimentados com ou sem adição de lipídios

This study investigated the influence of energy supplementation with or without the addition of lipids on microbial production, microbial synthesis efficiency and nitrogen balance. Eight fistulated steers were used with accessible rumens and kept in individual stalls. Their diets consisted of corn silage; corn silage + concentrate; corn silage + concentrate with addition of lipids in the form of soybean oil; and corn silage + concentrate with addition of lipids in the form of soybean grains. Estimates of microbial protein synthesis were obtained based on the urinary excretion of purine derivatives. The concentrations of ammonia in the rumen were determined immediately at 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after feeding. The diets with concentrate increased (P<0.05) the microbial protein synthesis and the efficiency of the synthesis and nitrogen balance without a difference between the lipid sources (P>0.05). Concentrated diets presented higher concentrations of urea nitrogen in the serum and urinary urea excretion (P<0.05), but there was no difference between the lipid sources (P>0.05). Energy supplementation, with or without lipid addition, can be used as a strategy to increase the synthesis of the microbial protein in the cattle fed corn silage.

Este estudo investigou a influência da suplementação energética com ou sem adição de lipídios na produção microbiana, eficiência de síntese microbiana e balanço de nitrogênio. Oito novilhos fistulados foram utilizados com rúmen acessível e mantidos em baias individuais. Suas dietas consistiram de silagem de milho; silagem de milho + concentrado; silagem de milho + concentrado com adição de lipídios na forma de óleo de soja; e silagem de milho + concentrado com adição de lipídios na forma de grãos de soja. Estimativas de síntese de proteína microbiana foram obtidas com base na excreção urinária de derivados de purina. As concentrações de amônia no rúmen foram determinadas imediatamente às 2, 4, 6 e 8 horas após a alimentação. As dietas com concentrado aumentaram (P<0,05) a síntese de proteína microbiana e a eficiência da síntese e o balanço de nitrogênio sem diferença entre as fontes lipídicas (P>0,05). As dietas concentradas apresentaram maiores concentrações de nitrogênio uréico no soro e excreção urinária de uréia (P <0,05), mas não houve diferença entre as fontes lipídicas (P>0,05). A suplementação energética, com ou sem adição de lipídios, pode ser utilizada como estratégia para aumentar a síntese da proteína microbiana em bovinos alimentados com silagem de milho.

Growth performance and carcass traits of young nellore bulls supplemented with or without addition of lipids / Desempenho e características de carcaça de novilhos Nelore suplementados com ou sem adição de lipídios

The aim of research was to evaluate the performance and characteristics of the carcasses of Nellore young bulls in grazing supplemented with or without addition of lipids. Twenty­eight young bulls, 301 ± 5.8 kg in body weight, which four constituted the reference group and the twenty-four remnants were used in the experiment and randomly distributed into four groups according to treatment: only Panicum maximum cv. Mombasa grass; Mombasa grass with concentrated supplementation based on soybean meal; Mombasa grass with concentrate containing lipids from soybean oil; and Mombasa grass with concentrate containing lipids derived from soybean grains. The total dry matter intake of the animals fed only Mombasa grass did not differ from the average intake of the three treatments supplemented with concentrate. There were no differences (P>0.05) between Mombasa grass and diets with concentrate, supplementation with or without lipid and lipids sources in the carcass traits, gastrointestinal tract, organs and loin eye area. Nellore bulls receiving concentrate increased subcutaneous fat thickness compared with bulls that received only Mombasa grass. Nellore young bulls fed Mombasa grass only, supplemented with or without addition of lipids were similar regarding growth performance and carcass traits

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar o desempenho e as características das carcaças de novilhos Nelore em pastejo suplementados com ou sem adição de lipídios. Vinte e oito novilhos, 301 ± 5,8 kg de peso vivo, sendo que quatro constituíram o grupo de referência e os vinte e quatro remanescentes foram utilizados no experimento e distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos de acordo com o tratamento: somente Panicum maximum cv. capim-mombaça; capim-mombaça com suplementação concentrada à base de farelo de soja; capim-mombaça com concentrado contendo lipídios do óleo de soja; e capim-mombaça com concentradocontendo lipídios derivados de grãos de soja. O consumo total de matéria seca dos animais alimentados apenas com capim-mombaça não diferiu da ingestão média dos três tratamentos suplementados com concentrado. Não houve diferenças (P>0,05) entre capim-mombaça e dietas com concentrado, suplementação com ou sem lipídeos e fontes de lipídeos nas características de carcaça, trato gastrintestinal, órgãos e área de olho de lombo. Os novilhos Nelore que receberam concentrado aumentaram a espessura de gordura em comparação aos novilhos que receberam apenas capim-mombaça. Novilhos Nelore criados em capim-mombaça, alimentados apenas com capim-mombaça ou suplementados com ou sem adição de lipídeos, foram semelhantes quanto ao desempenho de crescimento e características de carcaça.

Substituição da farinha e do óleo de peixe por farinha e óleo de origem vegetal em rações utilizadas na fase de engorda do camarão-branco-do-pacífico Litopenaeus vannamei, em sistemas de bioflocos / Replacement of fishmeal and fish oil with vegetable meal and oil in feedstuffs used in the growing phase of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei, in biofloc systems

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da substituição da farinha e do óleo de peixe pelo concentrado proteico de soja e óleo de soja, na sobrevivência, no crescimento e na composição corporal dos camarões (Litopenaeus vannamei) produzidos em sistema de bioflocos (BFT). Foram formuladas cinco dietas, isoproteicas e isoenergéticas, com diferentes níveis de substituição da farinha e do óleo de peixe por concentrado proteico de soja e óleo de soja, sendo os tratamentos designados como: 0% (sem substituição), 25%, 50%, 75% e 100%. As rações foram elaboradas para conter aproximadamente 35% de proteína e 8% de lipídios. O experimento foi conduzido durante 49 dias, com juvenis com peso inicial de 2,93±0,83g, em sistema de bioflocos (BFT). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos até 75% de substituição para as variáveis de ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e sobrevivência. O tratamento de 100% de substituição apresentou menor taxa de crescimento específico. O presente resultado sugere que, nas dietas para camarões criados em sistema bioflocos, a farinha e o óleo de peixe possam ser substituídos em até 75% por concentrado proteico de soja e óleo de soja, sem prejudicar o desenvolvimento dos animais.(AU)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the substitution of fishmeal and fish oil with soy protein concentrate and soybean oil on survival, growth and body composition of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) produced in biofloc system (BFT). Five diets were formulated to be isoproteic and isoenergetic with different levels of substitution of fishmeal and fish oil with soy protein concentrate and soybean oil. The treatments were named as: 0% (without substitution), 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. The diets were formulated to contain approximately 35% protein and 8% lipids. The experiment was conducted for 49 days, with juveniles with initial weight of (2.93±0.83g) in a biofloc system (BFT). No significant differences were found between treatments up to 75% of substitution for the variables of weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and survival. The 100% substitution treatment showed a lower specific growth rate. The present study suggests fish meal and fish oil can be substituted in up to 75% for soy protein concentrate and soybean oil, without harming the development of the shrimps when reared in biofloc system.(AU)

Protective effect of dietary oils containing omega-3 fatty acids against glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: Glucocorticoids (GCs) are implicated in secondary osteoporosis, and the resulting fractures cause significant morbidity. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play a vital role in bone metabolism. However, few trials have studied the impact of omega-3 PUFA-containing oils against GC-induced osteoporosis. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to determine whether supplementation with omega-3 PUFA-containing dietary oils such as fish oil, flaxseed oil or soybean oil can impede the development of GC-induced osteoporosis. METHODS: The fatty acids (FAs) content of oils was determined using gas chromatography. Male rats were subdivided into 5 groups (8 rats each): normal control (balanced diet), prednisolone control (10 mg/kg prednisolone daily), soybean oil (prednisolone 10 mg/kg + soybean oil 7% w/w), flaxseed oil (prednisolone 10 mg/kg + flaxseed oil 7% w/w), and fish oil (from cod liver; prednisolone 10 mg/kg + fish oil 7% w/w). RESULTS: The study data exhibited a significant depletion in bone mineral density (BMD) and femur mass in the prednisolone control compared to the normal control, accompanied with a marked decrease in the levels of plasma calcium and 1,25-(OH)₂-vitamin D₃, and elevated levels of C-terminal telopeptide (CTX), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Supplementation with fish oil, soybean oil or flaxseed oil helped to improve plasma calcium levels, and suppress oxidative stress and inflammatory markers. Additionally, bone resorption was suppressed as reflected by the decreased CTX levels. However, fish oil was more effective than the other two oils with a significant improvement in BMD and normal histological results compared to the normal control. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that supplementation with dietary oils containing omega-3 PUFAs such as fish oil, soybean oil or flaxseed oil can play a role in the prevention of bone loss and in the regulation of bone metabolism, especially fish oil which demonstrated a greater level of protection against GC-induced osteoporosis.

Acute rumenitis due to lipid overload in a bovine / Ruminite aguda por sobrecarga de lipídeos em um bovino

ABSTRACT: The objective of this paper is to report the epidemiological, clinical, and pathological aspects of a case of rumenitis due to the ingestion of soybean oil in a bovine. The ox had access to barrels that stored soybean oil and ingested an indeterminate amount of the product. After consuming it, the animal presented hiporexia; liquid, brownish, and greasy feces; severe dehydration (12%); apathy; sternal recumbency; and death with a clinical evolution of 4 days. At necropsy, the rumen was filled with voluminous food and moderate amount of white-gray liquid with a greasy appearance. Upon microscopic examination, hydropic degeneration of the epithelium and areas of mucosal necrosis were observed in the rumen and reticulum. From these findings, we concluded that the bovine developed a state of acidosis and acute rumenitis due to excessive intake of lipids.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e patológicos de um caso de ruminite por ingestão de óleo de soja em um bovino. O animal teve acesso acidental a tonéis que armazenavam óleo de soja e ingeriu uma quantidade indeterminada do produto. Após o consumo, o bovino apresentou hiporexia, fezes líquidas, acastanhadas e de aspecto gorduroso, desidratação severa (12%), apatia, decúbito esternal e morte, com evolução clínica de quatro dias. Na necropsia o rúmen estava repleto por alimentos volumosos e moderada quantidade de líquido branco-acinzentado e de aspecto gorduroso. Microscopicamente, no rúmen e retículo havia degeneração hidrópica do epitélio e áreas de necrose da mucosa. A partir destes achados, concluímos que o bovino desenvolveu um quadro de acidose e ruminite aguda por consumo excessivo de lipídeos.

Características produtivas, carcaça, cortes e resposta imune humoral de frangos de corte alimentados com diferentes fontes de óleo e vitamina E / Productive and humoral immune response of broilers fed with different sources of oil and vitamin E

A adição de óleos na dieta de frangos de corte proporciona muitas vantagens, visto que, dependendo do perfil de ácidos graxos, pode melhorar o desempenho e atuar como estimulante do sistema imune. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as características produtivas, o rendimento de carcaça, os cortes e a resposta imune humoral de frangos de corte alimentados com diferentes fontes de óleos e vitamina E. Foram utilizados 312 pintainhos de corte machos da linhagem Cobb com um dia de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com oito repetições compostas de 13 aves por parcela experimental. Os tratamentos experimentais consistiram em óleo de soja, óleo de canola e óleo de canola mais adição de vitamina E. As variáveis analisadas foram ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, rendimento de carcaça, cortes comerciais e resposta imune humoral. Os resultados obtidos mostram que houve diferença significativa no desempenho somente na fase pré-inicial, quando as aves que receberam o tratamento com óleo de canola e vitamina E apresentaram piores ganhos de peso. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas para as outras variáveis analisadas. Conclui-se que a utilização de diferentes fontes lipídicas associadas ou não à vitamina E não afeta as características produtivas de carcaça, cortes e resposta imune humoral em frangos de corte em relação ao uso de óleo de soja.(AU)

Oil inclusion in poultry diets provides many advantages and according to the fatty acid profile it is possible to achieve performance improvement as well as immune system stimulation. Thus, the study aimed to evaluate productive performance, carcass and cuts yields and also the humoral immune response of broilers consuming diets formulated with different oil sources and vitamin E. A total of 312 one-day old male Cobb was distributed, in a completely randomized design, in three treatments with eight replications of 13 birds. The experimental treatments were the diets that had different oil source as follows: soybean oil, canola oil and canola oils with vitamin E. The analyzed parameters were weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, carcass and cut yields and humoral immune response. For the treatment with canola oil and vitamin E a reduction on weight gain during the pre-starter stage was observed. For the other evaluated parameters, no significant differences were observed. In conclusion, the use of canola oil or canola oil with added vitamin E does not affect the productive performance, carcass and cut yields and humoral immune response in broiler chicken in relation soybean oil use.(AU)

Influence of Fish Oil-Containing Lipid Emulsions on Parenteral Nutrition-Associated Liver Disease in Neonates

PURPOSE: This study is a comparative evaluation of the incidence of parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease (PNALD) when administering intravenous fat emulsions containing fish oil. METHODS: The medical records of patients who were in the neonatal intensive care unit at Severance Hospital from January, 2012 to December 2015, were reviewed retrospectively. Patients who were administered either soybean oil (SO) or SMOF (containing soybean oil, medium chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil) more than 14 days were included. The patients were excluded if they were administered both agents or had underlying hepatic disease. An increase in bilirubin to 2 mg/dL was defined as PNALD. RESULTS: PNALD occurred in only 8 out of a total of 77 patients: 6 out of 31 (19.4%) in the SO group and 2 out of 46 (4.3%) in the SMOF group (P=0.055). The number of patients, whose lab values, such as direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, asparate aminotransferase (AST), alanine amino-transferase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, C-reactive protein, serum triglyceride, and alkaline phosphate, exceeded the normal range, were similar in both groups. The gestational age, birth body weight, and APGAR score at 1 min and 5 min were significantly higher in the SO group and the PN duration was significantly long in the SMOF group. Considering only term infants, there were no significant differences in baseline characteristics and incidence of PNALD. The number of patients whose AST exceeded the normal range was significantly higher in the SO group (P=0.034). CONCLUSION: The incidence of PNALD was similar in both groups. On the other hand, considering the tendency, there was a high correlation between the type of lipid emulsion and an increased direct bilirubin level in the SO group.

Synthesis of structured triacylglycerols enriched in n-3 fatty acids by immobilized microbial lipase

Abstract The search for new biocatalysts has aroused great interest due to the variety of micro-organisms and their role as enzyme producers. Native lipases from Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus javanicus were used to enrich the n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids content in the triacylglycerols of soybean oil by acidolysis with free fatty acids from sardine oil in solvent-free media. For the immobilization process, the best lipase/support ratios were 1:3 (w/w) for Aspergillus niger lipase and 1:5 (w/w) for Rhizopus javanicus lipase using Amberlite MB-1. Both lipases maintained constant activity for 6 months at 4 °C. Reaction time, sardine-free fatty acids:soybean oil mole ratio and initial water content of the lipase were investigated to determine their effects on n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids incorporation into soybean oil. Structured triacylglycerols with 11.7 and 7.2% of eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid were obtained using Aspergillus niger lipase and Rhizopus javanicus lipase, decreasing the n-6/n-3 fatty acids ratio of soybean oil (11:1 to 3.5:1 and 4.7:1, respectively). The best reaction conditions were: initial water content of lipase of 0.86% (w/w), sardine-free faty acids:soybean oil mole ratio of 3:1 and reaction time of 36 h, at 40 °C. The significant factors for the acidolysis reaction were the sardine-free fatty acids:soybean oil mole ratio and reaction time. The characterization of structured triacylglycerols was obtained using easy ambient sonic-spray ionization mass spectrometry. The enzymatic reaction led to the formation of many structured triacylglycerols containing eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid or both polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Isolamento e seleção de fungos produtores de lipases com base na atividade lipásica e no potencial hidrolítico sobre óleo comestível de soja e escuma de caixa de gordura / Isolation and selection of lipase-producing fungi based on lipase activity and hydrolytic potential on soybean oil and grease trap scum

RESUMO: O uso de biomassa fúngica como biocatalisadora lipásica representa uma atraente abordagem para o tratamento de águas residuais oleosas e produção de biodiesel, a partir de óleos e graxas residuais, devido à sua maior estabilidade, possibilidade de reuso e baixo custo. Neste trabalho foram obtidos cem isolados de fungos, a partir de escumas de caixa de gordura e esgoto, solo e tecidos necrosados de plantas e insetos, que foram avaliados quanto ao crescimento e à atividade lipásica, no meio de cultura básico, para atividade lipásica extracelular, e meio mineral mínimo + óleo de soja + rodamina, para atividade lipásica intracelular, com resposta positiva e diferenciada de 66 deles, inclusos como pertencentes aos gêneros Aspergillus , Beauveria , Botrytis , Cladosporium , Colletotrichum , Fusarium , Geotrichum , Penicillium , Rhizomucor e Verticillium . Na sequência, o potencial hidrolítico dos isolados Penicillium sp. F002 e Rhizomucor sp. F018 foi avaliado sobre óleo de soja comestível e escuma de caixa de gordura, em fermentação em estado sólido, através da quantificação das variáveis: produção de CO2, remoção do teor de óleos e graxas e crescimento da biomassa. Os resultados confirmaram a elevada atividade lipásica extracelular de Penicillium sp. F002 e a elevada atividade lipásica intracelular de Rhizomucor sp. F018. Portanto, o isolado Rhizomucor sp. F018 mostrou potencial para utilização em pesquisas futuras, na forma de células integrais lipásicas, para o tratamento de águas residuais oleosas e como biocatalisador na produção de biodiesel a partir de resíduos oleosos.

ABSTRACT: The use of fungal biomass as a lipase biocatalyst represents an attractive approach for the treatment of oil wastewater and production of biodiesel from oil and residual grease, due to its greater stability, possibility of reuse, and lower cost. In this work, a hundred filamentous fungi were isolated from grease trap and sewage scums, soil, and necrotized plants and insects tissues. The isolates were assessed for growth and lipase activity in the culture basic medium, for extracellular lipase activity, and mineral medium minimum + soybean oil + rhodamine, for intracellular lipase activity, with positive and differential response of 66 of them, including those belonging to the genera Aspergillus , Beauveria , Botrytis , Cladosporium , Colletotrichum , Fusarium , Geotrichum , Penicillium , Rhizomucor , and Verticillium . Following, previously selected Penicillium sp F002 and Rhizomucor sp. F018 isolates were evaluated in solid-state fermentation, for the hydrolytic potential on edible soybean oil and grease trap scum, quantified by: CO2 production, removal of the content of oils and greases, and biomass growth. Results confirmed the high extracellular lipase-activity of Penicillium sp. F002 and the high intracellular lipase activity of Rhizomucor sp. F018. Therefore, the isolated Rhizomucor sp. ECG18 showed potential for use in future research, in the form of whole-cell lipases, for oily wastewater treatment, and as a biocatalyst in the production of biodiesel from oil residues.

Protective Effect of ω-6 Soybean Oil Fat Emulsion on Folium Sennae-induced Diarrhea in Mice / 中国医科大学学报

Objective To investigate the protective effect of ω?6 soybean oil fat emulsion on folium sennae?induced diarrhea in mice. Methods Thirty?six Kunming mice were randomly divided into three groups,including control,diarrhea,ω?6 soybean oil fat emulsion group(12 mice in each group). Besides the mice in control group,other mice were administrated folium sennae by gavage for 15 days to establish the diarrhea model. Then mice in ω?6 soybean oil fat emulsion group received ω?6 soybean oil fat emulsion by intravenously administration at a dose of 15 mL/kg daily since 6th day after intragastric administration of folium sennae for 10 days. Animals in control group and diarrhea group were intravenously adminis?tered with same volume of saline. The body weight ,general state and diarrhea index of the mice in each group were dynamically assessed. Ten days after intravenous injection,mice in every group were sacrificed and tissues were collected. Morphology of intestine mucosa was observed after HE staining. Albumin(ALB)level in plasma was evaluated by biochemical method. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA)expression in intestine mucosa were assessed by immunohistochemical method. Results Compared with that in the diarrhea group,the general status,body weight and diarrhea index of mice in ω?6 soybean oil fat emulsion group were improved significantly. Ten days after intravenously administration ,pathological change in intestine mucosa of mice in ω?6 soybean oil fat emulsion group was improved significantly ,ALB level in plasma and PCNA expression in intestine mucosa were significantly increased(P<0.05)compared with that in diarrhea group. Conclusion ω?6 soybean oil fat emulsion has a significant protective effect on the diarrhea of mice induced by folium sennae ,which may be related to the up?regulated expression of PCNA by ω?6 soybean oil fat emulsion.

Preventive Effect of ω-6 Soybean Oil Fatty Emulsion on Gastric Ulcer in Rats / 医药导报

Objective To study the preventive effect ofω-6 soybean oil fatty emulsion on gastric ulcer caused by acetic acid in rat model, and investigate its mechanisms. Methods Thirty healthy rats were randomly and equally assigned to the following 3 groups:sham operation,gastric ulcer,andω-6 Soybean oil fatty emulsion group.The model was induced by acetic acid. Five days after the model was established successfully,rats in ω-6 soybean oil group received the treatment by tail intravenous injection with the dose of 10 mL.kg-1 .d-1 ,the sham operation group and gastric ulcer group were given the same dose of 0.9%sodium chloride solution.The rats were sacrificed at 10th day after the treatment.The pathological changes of rat gastric ulcer tissue were observed by HE staining, and the concentration of gastric acid was detected by acid-base neutralization method,as well as the activity of pepsin was detected by colorimetry.Serum NO concentration was detected with nitrate reductive enzymatic method, and the expression of EGFR in gastric mucosal was detected with immunohistochemical method. Results Gastric ulcer area inω-6 soybean oil fatty emulsion group (5.67±2.32 mm2) was significantly lower than that in gastric ulcer group(8.68±1.98 mm2). The concentration of gastric acid (1.70±0.53 mmol.L-1), activity of pepsin(23.12±6.97 U) and NO level (64.62±13.86μmol.L-1 ) inω-6 soybean oil fatty emulsion group were much lower than those in the model control group.While the expression of EGFR in gastric ulcer tissue was increased after treatment withω-6 soybean oil fatty emulsion. Conclusion ω-6 soybean oil fatty emulsion exerts significant promotion effect on the healing of gastric ulcer,and its mechanism might be related to inhibiting the level of gastric acid, pepsin and NO, while improving the protective effect of EGFR on gastric mucosa.

Milk fatty acid profile from grazing buffaloes fed a blend of soybean and linseed oils / Perfil de ácidos graxos do leite de búfalas a pasto recebendo uma mistura de óleo de soja e linhaça na dieta

The aim of the study was to examine the changes in milk fatty acid (FA) profile of grazing buffaloes fed either low (L, 276g/d) or high (H, 572g/d) doses of a blend (70:30, wt/wt) of soybean and linseed oils. Fourteen multiparous Mediterranean buffaloes grazing on a native pasture were fed 4 kg/day of a commercial concentrate containing no supplemental oil over a pre-experimental period of ten days. The baseline milk production and composition and milk FA profile were measured over the last three days. After this pre-experimental period the animals received the same concentrate added with either the L or H oil doses for 26 additional days. Milk yield (g/animal/day) did not differ at the start (1776 ± 522 and 1662 ± 291 for L and H, respectively, P<0.622) or at the end of the trial (4590 ± 991 and 4847 ± 447 in L and H, respectively, P<0.543). Baseline milk fat content (g/kg) averaged 77.1 (±20.5) in L and 74.3 (±9.9) in H (P<0.10) and was reduced (P<0.031) to 60.7 (±23.6) and 49.4 (±11.2) (P<0.0031) respectively after L and H with no differences between treatments (P<0.277). Baseline milk protein content (L=43.2 ± 3.4 and H= 44.3 ± 6.9g/kg) increased after oil supplementation (P<0.0001) in both L (73.2 ± 6.0g/kg) and H (68.4 ± 4.9g/kg) without differences between oil doses (P<0.123). Milk fat content of 14:0 decreased after oil supplementation only in the H treatment (5.29 to 4.03, P<0.007) whereas that of 16:0 was reduced (P<0.001) at both L (24.49 to 19.75g/100g FA) and H (25.92 to 19.17g/100g FA) doses. The reduction of total content of 12:0 to 16:0 was higher (P<0.052) in H (32.02 to 23.93g/100g FA) than L (30.17 to 25.45g/100g FA). Vaccenic acid content increased (P<0.001) from 5.70 to 13.24g/100g FA in L and from 5.25 to 16.77 in H, with higher results in the in H treatment (P<0.001). Baseline rumenic acid was sharply increased (P<0.001) in L (1.80 to 4.09g/100g FA, +127%) and H (1.60 to 4.61g/100g FA, +187%) with no differences between...

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as mudanças no perfil de ácidos graxos do leite de búfalas leiteiras recebendo baixas (B, 276g/d) ou altas (A, 572g/d) doses de uma mistura de óleos de soja e linhaça (70:30, peso/peso) na dieta. Quatorze búfalas multíparas da raça Mediterrânea, mantidas em pastagens nativas, receberam 4kg/dia de um concentrado comercial sem adição de óleo (pré-tratamento) ao longo de umperíodopré-experimental de 10 dias. A produção de leiteindividual e amostras de leite foram coletadas individualmente para determinação dos valores basais de composição e perfil de ácidos graxos do leite nos últimos trêsdias. Após este período, os animais receberam o mesmo concentrado adicionado deBou Apor 26 dias. A produção de leite (g/animal/dia) não diferiu no início (1776 ± 522 e 1662 ± 291para B e A, respectivamente (P<0,622) e no final do período experimental(4590 ±991e4847 ± 447 para LeH, respectivamente, P<0,543). O teor de gordura do leite (g/100g) apresentou valores médios de 77,1(±20,5)paraBe74,3 (±9,9)paraA(P<0,10) durante o período pré-tratamento,mas foi reduzido (P<0,03) após o fornecimento das dietas com óleo para 60,7 (± 23,6) e 49,4 (± 11,2), respectivamente para B e A, não havendo diferenças entre tratamentos (P<0,277). Os teores basais de proteína do leite (B=43,2 ± 3,4 e A=44,3 ± 6,9g/kg) aumentaram após a suplementação com óleo (P<0,0001) em ambos B (73,2 ± 6,0g/kg) e A (68,4 ± 4,9g/kg), não ocorrendo diferenças entre tratamentos (P<0,123). O teor médio basal de 14:0 na gordura do leite (4,76g/100g AG) foi reduzido após a suplementação da dieta com óleo somente no tratamento A (5,29 para 4,03, P<0,007). O teor de 16:0 na gordura do leite foi reduzido (P<0,001) nos tratamentos B (24,49 para 19,75g/100g AG) e A (25,92 para 19,17g/100g AG). A redução nos teores de 12:0+14:0+16:0 na gordura do leite foi maior (P<0,052) em A (32,02 para 23,93g/100g AG) do que em B (30,17 para 25,45g/100g AG). O teor de ácido vacênico (AV)...

How to select lipid emulsions for children with critical illness / 中国小儿急救医学

Intravenous lipid emulsions( LEs) are relevant for patients receiving parenteral nutrition because they prevent the depletion of essential fatty acids(FAs) and as a highly dense energy source. The prescription of LEs is complex,due mainly to their distinct FAs components,which may alter the immune re-sponse in different ways and distinctly influence inflammation according to their biochemical properties. The patient′s metabolic profile should guide the type of FAs and amount of lipids that are provided. For critically ill hypermetabolic patients,growing evidence indicates that standard LEs based solely on soybean oil should be avoided in favor of new LEs containing medium-chain triglycerides,olive oil,or fish oil to decrease the provision of potentially inflammatory/immunosuppressiveω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. As sources of eico-sapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids,LEs containing fish oil may be important for critically ill patients be-cause they allow better modulation of the immune response and likely reduce the length of intensive care unit stay. However,current evidence precludes the recommendation of a specific LE for clinical use in this patient population.

Composición de ácidos grasos en algunos alimentos fritos y aceites de fritura y factores relacionados, en un sector universitario de Medellín-Colombia / Composition of fatty acids in some fried food and frying oil and related factors in a college area of the city of Medellín-Colombia

Antecedentes: las condiciones de fritura afectan la proporción de ácidos grasos de alimentos fritos. Objetivo: determinar el efecto de las condiciones de fritura sobre la composición de ácidos grasos saturados, monoinsaturados, poliinsaturados y trans en alimentos fritos y aceites de fritura. Materiales y métodos: se recolectaron 22 muestras de alimentos y sus aceites de fritura en cuatro restaurantes, cuatro cafeterías y tres puestos callejeros, de afluencia universitaria en Medellín- Colombia. Se determinó la composición de ácidos grasos mediante cromatografía de gases, luego de la fritura. La composición del aceite se relacionó con condiciones de fritura. Resultados: siete establecimientos usaban aceite de palma, dos de soya y dos mezcla de aceites vegetales. En papas fritas, el aceite de palma aumentó el contenido de saturados y disminuyó el de poliinsaturados (p<0,05). El aceite de soya presentó mayor contenido de poliinsaturados y trans y menor contenido de saturados (p=0,05) para todos los casos. En los aceites se asociaron saturados con sólidos presentes (p=0,03) y trans con horas/uso/día (p=0,02) y presencia de sólidos (p=0,04). Las condiciones de fritura fueron deficientes. Conclusión: la distribución de ácidos grasos en papas fritas depende del aceite usado. Las deficientes condiciones de fritura afectan la cantidad de ácidos grasos saturados y trans del aceite.

Background: Frying conditions affect fatty acids proportion in fried foods. Objective: To determine the effect of frying conditions on fatty acid composition: saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and trans fatty acid in fried food and frying oils. Materials and methods: 22 food samples and their frying oils were collected in 4 restaurants, 4 coffee shops, and 3 street stalls placed at universities in Medellín, Colombia. Fatty acids composition was determined by gas chromatography after the frying. Oil composition was associated with frying conditions. Results: Palm oil was used in 7 places, soya oil in 2 and a mixture of vegetable oils was used in another 2 places. In fried potatoes, palm oil increased saturated fatty acid content and reduced polyunsaturated fatty acid content (p<0,05). Soya oil had a greater polyunsaturated and trans fatty acid content, and a lower saturated content (p=0,05), in all cases. In oils, saturated fatty acid were associated with present solids (p=0,03) and TFA were associated with hours/usage/day (p=0,02) and presences of solids (p=0,04). Frying conditions were inappropriate. Conclusion: Fatty acid distribution in fried potatoes depends of oil used for frying. Poor frying conditions affect saturated and trans fatty acid content in oil.

Fontes de óleo na dieta e sua influência no desempenho e na imunidade de frangos de corte / Sources of oil in the diet and its influence on the performance and the immunity of broilers

A composição de ácidos graxos da dieta pode influenciar o desempenho produtivo e o sistema imune de frangos de corte. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do consumo de óleos ricos em ácidos graxos poli-insaturados ômega-6 (PUFAs n-6) e ômega-3 (PUFAs n-3) sobre o desempenho e a resposta imunológica de frangos de corte frente a um desafio antigênico. Foram comparadas dietas formuladas com 7% de óleo de soja (OS), linhaça (OL) ou sardinha (OP), fornecidas a 240 frangos da linhagem Cobb, divididos em 24 grupos de 10 aves cada, num arranjo experimental 3x2 (3 tipos de óleo e aves vacinadas ou não vacinadas) e 4 repetições. O óleo de soja é rico em ácido linoleico, um PUFA n-6, o óleo de linhaça é fonte de ácido alfa-linolênico, um PUFA n-3, e o óleo de sardinha, de outros PUFAs n-3, como os ácidos eicosapentaenoico e docosahexaenoico. O consumo de ração, o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar foram avaliados aos 21, 35 e 42 dias. Aos 7 e aos 21 dias de idade, metade das aves recebeu vacina contra doença de Newcastle. Quinze dias após a imunização, avaliou-se a produção de anticorpos pelo método de ELISA, expressa pela densidade óptica a 450 nm (D.O. 450nm). Apenas as aves alimentadas com ração contendo OS apresentaram maior imunidade humoral (P<0,05) após a vacinação. A resposta linfoproliferativa das aves, que expressa a imunidade celular, foi maior entre as aves vacinadas, em comparação às aves não vacinadas (P<0,05), independentemente do óleo utilizado. A fonte de óleo da ração ou a vacinação não influenciaram o ganho de peso das aves (P>0,05). Entre as aves que receberam dieta com OS, as aves vacinadas apresentaram pior conversão alimentar (P<0,05)...

The fatty acid composition in the diet can affect the productive performance and the immune system of broiler chickens. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the consumption of oils rich in omega-6 (n-6 PUFA) and omega-3 (n-3 PUFA) polyunsaturated fatty acids on the performance and the immune response of broilers submitted to an antigenic challenge. Diets were formulated with either 7% soybean oil (SO), linseed oil (LO) or sardine oil (PO) and provided to 240 Cobb broilers which were divided into 24 groups of 10 birds each, following a 3x2 experimental arrangement (3 types of oil and vaccinated or non-vaccinated birds) and four replications. Soybean oil is rich in linoleic acid (n-6 PUFA), linseed oil a source of alfa-linolenic acid (n-3 PUFA) and the sardine oil is a source of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (other n-3 PUFA). Feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion were evaluated at 21, 35 and 42 days. Half of the birds were vaccinated against Newcastle disease at 7 and 21 days. Fifteen days after the immunization, the production of antibodies was evaluated by ELISA and expressed by optical density at 450 nm (O.D. 450 nm). Only the birds fed ration containing SO presented higher humoral immune response (p<0.05) after vaccination. The lymphoproliferative response, which expresses the cellular immunity, was higher in vaccinated than in the unvaccinated birds (P<0.05), regardless of the oil used. Neither the oil source in the ration nor the vaccination influenced birds' weight gain (P>0.05). The vaccination impaired the feed conversion of the birds fed diet containing SO (P<0.05) but did not influence feed conversion of the birds fed rations with LO or PO (P>0.05). The use of oil rich in n-6 PUFA in broilers' diet increased humoral response, but did not influence the cellular response against an antigenic challenge.

Effect of lipid sources and inclusion levels in diets for broiler chickens / Efeito de fontes lipídicas e níveis de inclusão em dietas para frangos de corte

This research aimed to evaluate the interactions and effects of 2 and 4% addition levels of poultry slaughterhouse fat (chicken tallow) and soybean oil in diets for broiler chickens. Two experiments were carried out using one-day-old male Cobb chicks in an entirely random design with a 2x2 factorial scheme. In the first experiment, 560 chicks were used to evaluate performance and carcass characteristics. In the second experiment, 100 chicks were used to determine the nutrient digestibility, dietary energy utilization and the lipase and amylase pancreatic activity. There was no interaction between the fat sources and the addition levels for any of the analyzed variables, except for the digestibility coefficient of dry matter (DCDM), which was higher in diets added with 2% soybean oil when compared to chicken tallow. The addition of 4% fat in the diet, regardless of fat source, improved the digestibility coefficient of ethereal extract (DCEE) and increased weight gain and feed intake. Moreover, in the initial phase, the addition of 4% fat to the diet increased lipase activity when compared to diets with 2% addition, and a positive correlation between DCEE and pancreatic lipase activity was observed. In conclusion, there is no interaction between fat sources and addition levels, except for DCDM. Carcass characteristics are not influenced by any of the studied factors. The addition of 4% fat increases pancreatic lipase activity and improves DCEE, resulting in greater weight gain, regardless of the tested fat source, making chicken tallow a great alternative to soybean oil...

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as interações e os efeitos da utilização de gordura de abatedouro avícola (gordura de frango) e de óleo de soja com níveis de inclusão de 2 e 4% em dietas para frangos de corte. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com pintos de corte de um dia de idade, machos, da linhagem Cobb, alojados num delineamento inteiramente ao acaso em esquema fatorial 2x2. No primeiro experimento utilizaram-se 560 aves para avaliar o desempenho e as características de carcaça. No segundo experimento foram alojadas 100 aves para determinar o aproveitamento dos nutrientes e da energia da dieta, e também a atividade de lipase e amilase pancreática. Não houve interações entre as fontes lipídicas e os níveis de inclusão para nenhuma das variáveis analisadas, com exceção do coeficiente de metabolizabilidade da matéria seca (CMMS), que foi maior nas dietas com inclusão de 2% de óleo de soja em relação à gordura de frango. A inclusão de 4% de lipídios na dieta, independente da fonte lipídica, melhorou o coeficiente de metabolizabilidade do extrato etéreo (CMEE) e aumentou o ganho de peso e o consumo de ração das aves. Ainda, na fase inicial, a adição de 4% de lipídios na dieta aumentou a atividade de lipase em relação às dietas com inclusões de 2%, observando-se uma correlação positiva entre o CMEE e a atividade de lipase pancreática. Como conclusão, não há interação entre as fontes lipídicas e os níveis de inclusão estudados, com ressalva para o CMMS. As características de carcaça não são influenciadas por nenhum dos fatores estudados. A adição de 4% de lipídio aumenta a atividade de lipase pancreática e melhora o CMEE, refletindo em maior ganho de peso das aves, indiferentemente da fonte lipídica testada, o que torna a gordura de frango uma boa alternativa ao óleo de soja...

Avaliação do Índice de Acidez do Óleo Bruto de Soja adicionado de LCC Natural, Visando Produção de Biodiesel / Acidity index evaluation of soybean crude oil added of natural cnsl targeting biodiesel production

O L�quido da Casca da Castanha de Caju (LCC) � uma das maiores fontes naturais de derivados de fenol, sendo de grande interesse econ�mico por possuir propriedades antioxidantes. O presente estudo objetivou a adi��o do LCC natural em �leo bruto de soja, e a avalia��o das altera��es provocadas, com foco na produ��o de biodiesel. Ap�s lavadas e secas, as castanhas foram cortadas ao meio, na vertical, separando o mesocarpo da am�ndoa para melhor extra��o do LCC. Foi feito o acondicionamento do mesocarpo em f�rmas com grades, que foram levadas � estufa � 150 �C por 50 minutos. Os fatores avaliados foram: teor de LCC adicionado ao �leo de soja (0%, 2%, 3% e 5%) e tempo de armazenamento (0, 15, 30 e 60 dias). Os dados obtidos foram tratados atrav�s do teste de Tukey. As vari�veis respostas do presente estudo foram: �ndice de acidez determinado segundo normas anal�ticas do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, rendimento da extra��o, e an�lise da densidade. Observou-se que as misturas contendo 0% e 5% de LCC diferem das demais em n�vel de signific�ncia de 1% pelo teste de Tukey. O rendimento encontrado de LCC sobre o peso da castanha foi 35%. Quando comparadas as densidades do LCC e do �leo de soja, verificou-se diferen�a significativa entre elas. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo indicam que n�o � poss�vel a redu��o da acidez do �leo de soja atrav�s da adi��o do LCC, j� que n�o a homogeneiza��o entre os �leos fica prejudicada devido � diferen�a significativa de densidade.

The Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) is a major source of natural phenol derivatives, and has great economic interest due to its antioxidant properties. This study aims to evaluate the changes of the addition of natural CNSL to soybean crude oil, focusing on biodiesel production. After washing and drying, the chestnuts were cut vertically in half, for separating mesocarp and almond to better extract CNSL. The packaging of the mesocarp was done in molds with grids, which was taken to the oven at 150 �C for 50 minutes. The factors evaluated were: CNSL content added to the mixture (0%, 2%, 3% and 5%), in the storage time (0, 15, 30 and 60 days). The data were treated by the Tukey test. The response variables were the acid index, which was determined by analytical standards Adolfo Lutz Institute, extraction yield, and density. The mixtures containing 0% and 5% CNSL were different from the others at 1% significance level by Tukey?s test. The overall yield of CNSL as a function of chestnut weight was 35%. There was a significant difference between the density values of CNSL and soybean oil. The results indicate that it is not possible to reduce the acidity of soybean oil by the addition of CNSL, once the homogenization between both oils does not occur due to the difference of density.